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Cavitation in hydraulic systems can lead to severe damage to pumps and other components, affecting overall system efficiency and longevity. Identifying and addressing cavitation issues promptly is essential for maintaining hydraulic systems, particularly those operating under high pressure. This article outlines common causes of cavitation and provides practical troubleshooting steps to mitigate these issues.
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Understanding Cavitation

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Cavitation occurs when the pressure of the hydraulic fluid falls below its vapor pressure, resulting in the formation of vapor bubbles. These bubbles collapse violently when they reach areas of higher pressure, causing shock waves that can erode metal surfaces and create noise, vibration, and performance loss in hydraulic systems. Identifying cavitation early prevents extensive damage and costly repairs.
Common Causes of Cavitation
Inadequate Supply of Fluid: Low fluid levels in the reservoir can lead to insufficient suction pressure, causing the pump to cavitate.
Air Leaks: Any ingress of air into the hydraulic system can reduce fluid pressure, creating conditions conducive to cavitation.
High System Temperatures: Elevated temperatures can lower fluid density and increase vapor pressure, promoting cavitation.
Excessive Pump Speed: Operating the pump beyond its design speed can result in low suction pressure and increased likelihood of cavitation.
Improper Pump Sizing: Using a pump that is too large or too small for the application can lead to inefficiencies and cavitation.
Clogged Filters or Strainers: Obstruction in the fluid path restricts flow and increases resistance, contributing to cavitation.
Troubleshooting Steps
Inspect Fluid Levels: Begin by checking the hydraulic fluid reservoir to ensure it is adequately filled. Refilling the system to the recommended level can often resolve cavitation issues.
Check for Air Leaks: Examine all connections, hoses, and fittings for signs of leaks. Use a leak detection fluid or ultrasonic leak detector to identify and repair any leakage points in the system.